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    • 专利摘要:
    AC LINE VOLTAGE CONDITIONER AND CONTROLLER. A voltage or power conditioning and control device can be used in line with an AC line power source (11,12) and a reactive load (13) such as a single-phase induction motor. The device operates to absorb some energy reflected by the AC load and generates a synthetic energy wave to supplement and correct the applied energy in level and phase. The device employs a pair of power capacitors (C1,C2) and a pair of switching electronic devices (Q1, Q2), each with a diode (D1,D2) in parallel. Switching or command signals (FIGs. 2A,2B,2C) are generated based on line voltage and synchronization, eg zero crossings. The phase or timing of the command signals is selected for either a normal or no-rise mode, a voltage rise mode, or a voltage reduction mode. Capacitors are considered to be in series with the load, and improve the load's power factor. A variation of this device can be used in conjunction with a solar panel or other local energy source.
    公开号:BR102012004428B1
    申请号:R102012004428-5
    申请日:2012-02-28
    公开日:2021-04-20
    发明作者:Hassan B. Kadah；Andrew S. Kadah
    申请人:International Controls And Measurements Corporation；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    Field of Invention
    The present invention relates to devices that regulate, condition and control the AC power that is supplied to an AC load, such as an induction motor. The invention is more specifically directed to an AC power conditioning device that can adjust the waveform and voltage level of AC power applied to an AC load, as well as the power factor and frequency, to compensate for deterioration in the quality of the AC line power. The power conditioning device of this invention can be used with fractionated horsepower motors to several horsepower or above, and where the torsional load on the motor may vary depending on external factors, and in situations where the power quality of line may drop, ie, from 117 VAC nominal (in North America) to below 100 VAC. Also, the device can be employed to control the power factor for an AC or inductive load that may vary during use, such as a single-phase AC induction motor, which can be used to drive a compressor in an HVAC or in a refrigerator. Fundamentals of the Invention
    For any AC motor, the available motor torque may depend on the condition or quality of the AC line power. Output torque is proportional to the square of the input voltage. During many moments of peak demand, AC line power quality can vary greatly, with changes in line voltage and frequency. A drop in line voltage from 117 VAC to 100 VAC (a drop of approximately 14.5%) results in a reduction in torque of approximately 27%. Typically, the motor designer is forced to oversize the motor in order to satisfy load requirements above an expected range of input conditions. The motor armature, which is basically an inductive load, may have to face an unfavorable power factor, which means that the actual applied voltage, that is, the actual component of the complex AC voltage, may become unacceptably low. Consequently, it is desirable to adjust the RMS value of the line voltage so that the motor will operate optimally even under adverse line conditions.
    It is also the practice for any given application to use a motor that supports a given voltage range of ± 10%. This means that the system has to be oversized to meet all low voltage load requirements. Otherwise, for a given AC induction motor, if the input voltage is 10% low, ie V = 90% Vnormal, then the output torque T drops to T = 81% Tnormal. This means that, according to conventional practice, the motor has to be oversized by at least 19%. Consequently, under normal or high line conditions, more than 20% of electrical energy is spent or reflected back to the power station.
    One approach to motor control has been a variable frequency drive (VFD) employing a pulse-controlled inverter, designed to control motor speed. In the VFD, the incoming AC power is rectified to produce constant DC “output” levels, and then an inverter converts the DC power into an AC drive wave using pulse width modulation (PWM). This technique modifies the leading and trailing edges of a square wave produced by the inverter by turning the power on and off at a very high rate so that the average current wave can approach a sine wave. These VFDs overcome some of the difficulties of induction motors operating directly at line voltage, and allow for a range of speed control. However, the use of PWM can lead to other problems, including motor armature winding insulation failure, and high switching losses. Furthermore, VFD PWM devices by themselves do not raise the voltage.
    In many cases, what is needed is simply to raise (or regulate) the effective RMS voltage. This can allow the use of a motor of lesser capacity than would be recommended where unmodified line power is applied directly to the motor.
    An example of a phase sensing power factor controller circuit that addresses some of these problems is discussed in US Patent 4,459,528 to Nola. In this, an active power factor converter is discussed, which reduces the effective energy applied by using a thyristor (triac) and turning the thyristor on and off at various phase angles in order to change the shape of the applied power waveform and to optimize the phase angle or the power factor. Another power factor controller is discussed in Bach's Published Application No. US 2003/0122433. The device described is an active power factor controller with power factor correction as well as a soft start feature to apply a gradually increasing voltage to the AC load at startup. This is accomplished by switching the applied power to regulate the amount of incoming AC power that passes to the load. This can reduce the effective voltage applied, but it does not increase the energy (that is, the voltage) applied to the load.
    Power factor (phase angle) correction is an issue for both AC power consumers and commercial providers. Common practice is to locate one or more capacitors in parallel with the load (in the case of an inductive device such as a motor armature). Capacitor size has to be selected to match motor impedance, which can change with line and load conditions. This means that a number of capacitors have to be paralleled and turned on or off from the circuit as conditions change. This technique requires high-capacity AC devices, which are very large and expensive.
    What is needed where line power may be too low or too high is a simple, reliable power conditioner that is capable of increasing the AC voltage or decreasing the applied AC voltage, when necessary, to optimize the operation of the induction or motor other AC charging device. It is also desirable to avoid the high switching rates of power switching components, as discussed above, which can result in engine damage and can produce significant RF energy.
    Previous efforts at excessive voltage drop protection (ie, to protect the AC induction motor from explosion in low voltage line situations) have typically involved simply cutting power to the motor to prevent damage. While this saves the engine, it can cause serious problems for the system the engine is designed to drive. For example, in a commercial refrigeration application, a freezer system can be used to store a frozen food product, for example, frozen meat, ice cream, or other food product. During the so-called excessive voltage drop, when the operating line voltage drops below a safe limit (eg reduced from 120 volts RMS to below 95 volts RMS), then the compressor motor is simply turned off, and no cooling it happens. If the excessive voltage drop lasts for a period of an hour or more, the meat may start to spoil, or the ice cream may melt. It would be more desirable to continue operating the refrigeration system during excessive voltage drops, that is, modifying the AC power so that it is sufficient to run the equipment, even if at partial speed. However, this was not possible with existing power control circuits.
    There are regions where commercial power is not particularly reliable, and where line power can fluctuate significantly up and down during the day. In such areas, conventional approaches have involved the use of a variable transformer to raise the voltage, and/or an extra-heavy duty motor that is oversized for reliable power, but that is capable of withstanding significant drops in AC line voltage without failure. These approaches use a significant amount of energy. Invention Summary
    It is an object of this invention to supply power to an AC load, such as a motor armature, and regulate and control the drive voltage and waveform in a way that avoids the disadvantages of the prior art, as mentioned above.
    It is an objective of this invention to optimize the applied energy, through power factor correction, to avoid the use of electrical energy.
    It is another object to provide a power conditioning device to achieve effective operation of a compressor motor or other reactive or non-linear load by regulating voltage under conditions where the quality of line voltage can vary significantly.
    An additional goal is to provide an AC power conditioning device having features or capabilities for soft starting, hard starting, voltage regulation of ±30% or greater, and power factor correction.
    It is another goal to provide soft starting capabilities as well as hard starting (torque enhancement) in combination with voltage regulation for optimal motor operations under a variety of conditions.
    It is a further objective of this invention to expand the voltage operating range of new or existing equipment above or below the nominal AC line voltage.
    It is yet another object of this invention to provide a circuit of low component count, low loss and a low cost design.
    Other goals include source and/or load impedance matching to achieve maximum power transfer, capability to measure volts, amps, energy, power factor, and watt-hours to achieve operating savings, programmable power management system facilitation , as well as motor control capabilities to correct or adjust phase loss, phase rotation or phase correction (in a three-phase system), voltage imbalance correction, overvoltage and overvoltage protection, programmable overload protection, and communication with energy provider, for example, for off-peak price differentials.
    Additional objectives include motor speed control through variable voltage and variable frequency control (line frequency and applied power frequency need not be the same).
    Another objective is to provide inverter capabilities for use with a DC power source, attaching it to a solar panel or other power source (to replace the so-called “grid-tie” inverter) and to provide a “green power system ”.
    Also, additional goals are arc-breaking and ground-fault breaking capabilities.
    According to one aspect of the invention, the power factor can be corrected with the use of a capacitance to increase or decrease the applied motor voltage, without drastically cutting the power waveform, and without the associated RF radiation that is characteristic of current systems.
    Command signals are applied to the respective switching components, which can be IGBTs, MOSFETs, power transistors or the like. Other possible switching components can be SCRs, Triacs, or Bilateral Silicon Switches. Command signals can come from logic components (eg op-amps, differential amps, etc.) or a microprocessor, and these can be communicated directly or indirectly (eg with an opto-isolator) to the switching components of associated energy. On some components, a port may not be required.
    According to an embodiment of the invention, a line voltage regulation circuit device is capable of responding to changes in the quality of a single-phase AC input line power that is applied, at an adjusted AC voltage level, to a two-terminal single-phase induction motor or other AC charging device. The voltage regulation circuit has a device for connecting to a source of such single-phase AC line power, having a first AC power lead and a second AC power lead. A two-input line voltage regulator has first and second AC power terminals, the first AC power terminal is connected to the first AC power lead, and the second AC power terminal is connected to a first AC power terminal of the load. , with the second AC terminal of the load being connected to the second AC power lead. An associated control signal generator may have one or more sensor inputs coupled to the AC power source, and have devices for detecting the AC voltage level of the incoming AC line power and for detecting zero crossings and polarity. AC line power, and has outputs to provide first and second command signals to the line voltage regulator. These command signals are used for the synchronized gate activation (gating) of power switching components. The two-line voltage regulator favorably includes first and second power capacitors, each having a first electrode and a second electrode, with the first electrode of the first power capacitor and the second electrode of the second power capacitor being connected to the first terminal AC power supply from the voltage regulator. Each of the first and second electronic switching device has a first power electrode, a second power electrode, and a gate, with each of the first power electrode of the first switching device and the second power electrode of the second switching device being connected to the second AC power terminal of the voltage regulator. The second electrode of the first power capacitor is connected to the second energy electrode of the first switching device and the first electrode of the second power capacitor is connected to the first energy electrode of the second switching device. The first and second outputs of the control signal generator are coupled to the ports of the first and second electronic switching devices, respectively. This can be a transformer coupling, an optical coupling, or other suitable means of device port activation. The power diodes are favorably connected in parallel with the first and second electronic switching device. Each of the power diodes may have an anode connected to the first power electrode of the associated switching device and a cathode connected to the second power electrode of the associated switching device.
    Power capacitors are considered to be in series with the load, which is most often an inductive load, ie a motor winding. That is, one capacitor is in series circuit relationship with the load (motor winding) during the positive half cycle and the other capacitor during the negative half cycle. This arrangement tends to correct the motor's inherent phase lag and improves the circuit power factor. As the switching devices (eg transistors) associated with the regulation circuit control the synchronized charging and discharging of these capacitors, the amount of power angle correction will automatically vary with changes in load to optimize power factor correction in at all times during the operation.
    The modalities illustrated are employed in a single-phase system, but several of these arrangements can be employed with the respective phases of polyphase (eg, three-phase) AC power systems. In the case of a delta configuration, it may be sufficient to have these devices on only two of the three phases.
    Depending on the line power condition, the control signal generator is effective to provide the first and second control signals in a normal mode, in which the first and second command signals are alternately ON for phase angles such as an example, from 0 to π (180°) and from π to 2π (360°), or in a voltage rise mode where the first and second control signals are alternately ON starting with a phase delay between 0 and π/2 (90°) and a phase delay between π and 3π/2 (270°), respectively. In a preferred mode, the command signals would turn the first switch (eg Q1) from 0 to 90° (0 to π/2) and to OFF from 90° to 180° (π/2 to π). The second switch (eg Q2) would be turned ON from 180° to 270° (π to 3π/2) and off (OFF) from 270° to 360° (3π/2 to 2π). The command signals to switches Q1 and Q2 could provide multiple ON and OFF signals in each of the respective half cycles, rather than just one control pulse per half cycle. The ON and OFF times for the command signals can be adapted to line and load conditions to achieve optimal engine performance. That is, the spacing of the leading and trailing edges of the command signals can be controlled, relative to the phase of the input power wave, to create the desired waveform.
    Additionally, the control signal generator is effective in providing the command signals in a voltage reduction mode in which the first and second command signals are alternately ON, starting with a phase delay between approximately π/2 and π and between approximately 3π/2 and 2π, respectively. This circuit element may have a soft start feature, with the reduced voltage being applied for a short period of time at the start of motor operation.
    Furthermore, a high voltage with a reduced phase angle will allow soft starting with increased torque to compensate for the voltage loss due to the delayed phase angle.
    In an alternative arrangement, a voltage regulation circuit is capable of responding to changes in the quality of a single-phase AC input line power, and is also effective in conditioning the power to adjust the level of AC voltage applied to the device. AC load that is or can be fundamentally resistive. The line voltage regulator has first and second AC power terminals. The first AC power terminal is connected to the first AC power lead of the AC line source, the second AC power terminal is connected to the first AC power terminal of the load, and the second AC power terminal of the load is connected to the second AC power lead. AC power. As in the previous mode, the control signal generator has inputs with sensors coupled to the AC power source, and is effective in detecting the AC voltage level of the incoming AC line power, and detecting the zero crossings of the AC power. AC line (or zero voltage or zero current passes). The control signal generator provides the first and second control signals.
    In this mode, the voltage regulator has first and second power capacitors, each with a first electrode and a second electrode, with each of the first electrode of the first power capacitor and the second electrode of the second power capacitor being connected to the first AC power terminal of the voltage regulator. There are first and second electronic switching devices, each having a first power electrode, a second power electrode, and a gate, with each of the first power electrode of the first switching device and the second power electrode of the second switching device being connected to the second AC power terminal of the voltage regulator. There are also third and fourth electronic switching devices, each with a first power electrode, a second power electrode, and a gate, with each of the first power electrode of the third switching device and the second power electrode of the second switching device being connected to the second AC power conductor. The second electrode of the first power capacitor is connected to the second power electrodes of the first switching device and the third switching device; and the first electrode of the second power capacitor is connected to the first power electrode of the second switching device and the fourth switching device. The control signal generator is coupled to the ports of the first and fourth electronic switching devices and the ports of the second and third electronic switching devices, respectively.
    The first and second diodes can be connected in parallel with the first and second electronic switching devices, and the third and fourth diodes can be connected in parallel with the third and fourth electronic switching devices, respectively.
    According to another embodiment, the voltage regulation circuit arrangement of this invention can be used in connecting the AC line current not only to the load, but also to a supplemental power source, for example, a generator or a power system. solar panels, to raise and supplement the AC line current. This can be useful in reducing the number of watt-hours of AC line power that are actually consumed by the user, thus reducing the consumer's energy bill. In addition, excess energy can be located in the power grid or grid, in phase and properly conditioned.
    The line conditioner has first and second AC power terminals, the first AC power terminal is connected to the first AC power lead, the second AC power terminal is connected to the load's first AC power terminal, and the second AC power terminal of the load is connected to the second AC power conductor. There are first and second DC power inputs connected to DC sources such as solar panels. The control signal generator has inputs with sensors coupled to the AC power source, and is effective in detecting the AC voltage level and AC line power zero crossings, and provides first and second command signals to the voltage regulator of line. In that case, the voltage regulator includes first and second power capacitors, each having a first electrode and a second electrode; each of the first electrode of the first power capacitor and the second electrode of the second power capacitor is connected to the first AC power terminal of the voltage regulator. The first and second electronic switching devices have a first power electrode, a second power electrode, and a gate (optional in some implementations), with each of the first power electrode of the first switching device and the second electrode each of the second switching device being connected to the second AC power terminal of the voltage conditioner. Each of the third and fourth electronic switching devices has a first power electrode, a second power electrode, and a port (optional in some implementations), with each of the first power electrode of the third switching device and the second power electrode of the second switching device being connected to the second AC power conductor. The second electrode of the first power capacitor is connected to the second power electrodes of the first switching device and the third switching device; and the first electrode of the second power capacitor is connected to the first power electrode of the second switching device and the fourth switching device.
    The first and second DC power inputs each have a first power terminal and a second power terminal. The first power terminal of the first DC input and the second power terminal of the second DC power input connect with the first DC power terminal. Each of the fifth and sixth electronic switches has a pair of power terminals and a port (optional), with the power terminals of the fifth electronic switch connecting to the first power capacitor and the first DC power source, and the terminals from the sixth electronic switch connecting the second power capacitor and the second DC power source. Either of both electronic switches could be placed at various locations in line with the DC power source and associated power capacitor. Alternatively, galvanic isolation can be used in a given implementation when necessary.
    The power or voltage regulation circuit of this invention may be considered to have the first and second power capacitor having one of its plates or electrodes coupled to an AC power terminal and a second electrode, and the other plate or electrode attached to a positive or negative side of a switched bridge. The switched bridge has first, second, third and fourth electronic switching transistors, with each of the first and second transistors having a first power electrode (i.e. anode or cathode, source or drain) connected to the other power terminal AC and a second power electrode, and each of the third and fourth switching devices (eg transistors) having a first power electrode connected to the second plate or electrode of a respective capacitor among said first and second power capacitors. power. The second power electrodes from the first and third transistors are joined to the first AC load terminal, and the second electrodes from the second and fourth transistors are joined to the second AC load terminal. The DC power source or sources (ie, photovoltaic panel, wind turbine, etc.) have at least one positive DC output and one negative DC output, and in the illustrated mode, it has a neutral or ground terminal between the positive outputs and negative. The regulation circuit further employs a fifth electronic switching device interposed between the positive DC output and the second electrode of the fifth power capacitor, and a sixth electronic switching device interposed between the negative DC output and the second electrode of the second power capacitor . The fifth and sixth devices can be favorably implemented as FETs and gated activated by the respective command signals from the control signal generator. However, in some cases, the diodes could serve the function of charging the respective power capacitors close to the moment of passage through zero voltage of the AC power wave.
    The neutral DC terminal can be coupled to the first electrodes of the two power capacitors.
    This arrangement serves as a mechanism for superimposing positive half cycles of AC line power on the positive DC output level, and superimposing the negative half cycles of AC line power on said negative DC output level. Thus, this arrangement can raise the total voltage and total energy of the AC power wave by locating a DC level, every half-cycle, at the base of the power wave. During times when the line quality is poor, ie, low voltage conditions, this actually raises the power to the proper voltage before it is applied to the load. When there is low demand from the load, excess energy being generated in the DC source (ie, solar panel or wind generator), the high power wave can actually be fed back upstream into the AC input line. In either case, this allows the arrangement to replace the usual “grid-tie” inverter, so that the same function is performed without having to employ a “grid-tie” inverter, which is complex and expensive equipment.
    Command signals are provided from the control signal generator to the ports (or equivalents) of the first and fourth electronic switching devices and to the second and third electronic switching devices, respectively; and the sync output signals can be coupled to the ports of the fifth and sixth switching devices.
    Command signals for the respective power switching components can be provided from any of a variety of sources, i.e., logic gates to microprocessor controls. Many designs are possible for the control signal generator. This can be powered from incoming line power or from a source in addition to line power. There may be a user interface to allow user adjustment of the output AC drive current, and there may be a visual display of, for example, volts, amps, energy consumed, watts, power factor, and applied frequency. The screen may also show an indication of energy saved in a corrected energy mode versus direct line energy usage. Voltage, energy, phase, etc. measurements. they can be available and reported via any suitable communications protocol, including wireless, so that the information can be communicated to a building automation load management system.
    The control circuit of this invention can be of a simple and straightforward design, satisfying the requirements of being inherently compact, reliable and relatively inexpensive, while avoiding wasted energy.
    The term "electronic switch" or "electronic switching device" is intended to cover a wide range of devices capable of handling the voltage and current levels that may be encountered, and the term "port" as used in this description and claims , is intended to refer to any control electrode or control input (eg including a photosensitive input in the case of an optical device). "Diode" may include any unidirectional device, including a full wave bridge rectifier, or may include MOSFET, IGBT, SCR, Triac, SIDAC, etc.
    The voltage/power regulation circuit is an effective power factor correction device if used with a reactive, ie, inductive load device such as a motor winding. The regulation device places the capacitor pair in a series relationship with the line and the load, and the effective capacitance, that is, the amount of phase correction, corresponds to the range of command signals that are applied to the electronic devices. associated switching. The device of this invention automatically corrects the power factor in response to changes in load or changes in line voltage. In addition, as the two capacitors are arranged in antiparallel with unidirectional current flow (ie one positive capacitor, one negative), less expensive and smaller DC capacitors can be successfully employed.
    The above objectives, features and advantages of this description and many others will be clear from the following description of a preferred embodiment, which should be read in conjunction with the attached drawings. Brief Description of Drawings
    FIG. 1A is a schematic circuit diagram of an AC voltage regulator circuit in accordance with a preferred embodiment, and associated with an inductive AC load, such as the armature of a single-phase induction motor, shown here as employed in a normal mode. or without elevation.
    FIGs. 1B and 1C are circuit diagrams of the regulator circuit of this mode, shown here as employed in a voltage rise mode.
    FIG. 1D is a circuit diagram of the regulator circuit for this mode, shown here as employed in a voltage reduction mode.
    FIGs. 2A, 2B, and 2C are waveform diagrams of gate trigger signals or command signals employed with this mode in normal mode, lift mode, and lower mode, respectively.
    FIG. 3 is a diagram of an associated waveform of voltage applied to the AC load to explain the operation of this invention in normal mode.
    FIGs. 4A and 4B are waveform diagrams of the load voltage applied to the AC load to explain the operation of this invention in the voltage rise mode and the voltage decrease mode, respectively.
    FIGs. 5A, 5B and 5C are schematic circuit diagrams of an AC voltage regulator circuit in accordance with an alternative embodiment.
    FIG. 6 is a graph showing the input voltage waveforms and gate activation or command signals employed with the embodiments of FIGs. 5B and/or 5C.
    FIG. 7 is a schematic circuit diagram of an AC voltage regulator circuit in accordance with a further preferred embodiment, showing both an AC load and a DC power source such as a battery or solar cell panel.
    FIGs. 8A and 8B are line voltage waveform graphs, command signal, and load voltage applied to the AC load, with respect to the embodiment of FIGs. 1B and 1C.
    FIG. 9 is a block circuit diagram of a control signal generator circuit component as may be employed in embodiments of the present invention.
    FIG. 10 is a simplified diagram of another embodiment. FIG. 11 illustrates yet another modality. FIG. 12 illustrates an alternative embodiment. FIG. 12A is a waveform diagram for explaining the operation of the embodiment of FIG. 12. FIG. 13 illustrates a polyphasic modality. FIGs. 14 and 15 are schematic diagrams to explain the concept of this invention. Detailed Description of the Invention
    With reference to the drawings, FIG. 1A is a basic schematic view of an embodiment of a motor voltage regulation circuit 10 employing the general concepts of this invention, and adapted to receive commercial single-phase AC line power from a source and then condition and apply it. her to a charge. Here, the voltage regulation circuit 10 has AC power inputs 11 and 12. Power input 11 is considered the "hot" or black wire input and power input 12 is considered the "neutral" or wire terminal white, and is illustrated here as being in earth potential. They are connected to an AC line power source, represented here by a wave symbol. The source can be a nominal 117 VAC source in North America or 220 VAC in North America or Europe. An AC load device 13, for example a single-phase induction motor, has a pair of wires 14 and 15, with one wire 14 connected to AC power terminal 12. The other wire 15 is connected to terminal 16 of the regulation circuit 10. The “hot” power input 11 is connected to another power terminal 17. As shown, the power terminal 17 is connected to wires from the first and second power capacitors C1 and C2. On the left side of the diagram, there are the first and second electronic switching devices Q1 and Q2. Each of these has a power electrode connected to terminal 16, and another energy electrode connected to the respective outer wires of capacitors C1 and C2. Each switching device has a diode D1, D2 connected to the anode on one power electrode and the cathode on the other power electrode of the associated switching device Q1, Q2. Each device Q1, Q2 has a port, which can be a wired port terminal or, as here, an optical terminal responsive to an optical signal (eg, infrared) from an associated opto-isolator A, B. later devices are illuminated from command signals generated by a control signal generator circuit, to be discussed later, and which can be of any of a wide variety of models.
    In a normal mode, that is, when there is no adjustment made to the AC power wave, and the AC line voltage is at or near the nominal line voltage, control signals a and b can be provided as shown in FIG. 2A. The first command signal a and the second command signal b appear alternately, with the first command signal a being ON for approximately half a power wave cycle (shown as appearing from phase 0 to phase π (ie, 0o to 180°) and the second command signal b being ON for the second half of the power wave cycle, ie, from phase π to phase 2π (ie, 180° to 360°). close to 0, π, 2π, etc. where both command signals are OFF, to avoid conflicts The range can be controlled by sensing the timing of the zero crossings and the polarity of either the voltage wave or the current wave.
    In normal (no lift) mode, for the first half cycle, switching device Q1 is turned on, and AC line current flows through capacitor C1 and switching device Q1 flows to the motor armature or other load device. Then, in the second half cycle, switching device Q1 turns off and switching device Q2 turns on. AC line current then flows from the load device, through switching device Q2 and capacitor C2 to terminal AC 11. In normal mode, the power waveform that is applied to the load is substantially the same as the power waveform. line power, and this is shown in FIG. 3. There is a modest rise given to the voltage at load during running, but a large rise at start as explained later.
    The power up mode is illustrated with reference to FIGs. 1B and 1C. FIG. Associated 2B shows the waveform of command signals a and b that are applied for gate activation of switching devices Q1 and Q2, respectively, at times when the AC line voltage is low, and the voltage rise is necessary to operate the 13 load device at its design voltage. This mode can also provide a voltage boost at start, when the load appears predominantly resistive due to the low back electromotive force.
    In elevation mode, as shown in FIG. 2B, during the positive half cycle, the command signal a is ON and then held OFF for a period at a moment or phase θ (here shown as between 90° and 180° or π/2 and π), and the switching Q1 is thus switched on for the indicated period, during the positive half-cycle, the command signal b is OFF. As illustrated in FIG. 1B, during the part of the positive half cycle from 0 to θ, when device Q1 is held ON, current flows to load 13 both through capacitor C1 and through device Q1. So after θ, when the command signal drops it, switching device Q1 stops conducting and energy flows through capacitor C2 and diode D2 for the remainder of the half-cycle, charging capacitor C2 through load 13. Here, the signal a is shown as one pulse per AC half cycle, but there could be multiple ON and OFF switches to model the output waveform.
    In the next half-cycle or negative half-cycle, by command signal b in FIG. 2B, and as illustrated in FIG. 1C, for an initial ON period until a phase fase from π to π+θ, the switching device Q2 is kept ON, and then in phase θ, both switching devices Q1 and Q2 are OFF, and current flows out of the device 13 and through diode D1 and capacitor C1 to terminal 11 (charging capacitor C1 through load 13).
    The current flowing through the capacitors and diodes during the periods OFF 0 to θ and from π to π+θ serves to precharge capacitor C2 in the positive half cycle and precharge capacitor C1 during the negative half cycle. The length of this period, and the location of the OFF moment θ during the positive or negative half-cycle, determines the precharge voltage Δ that remains on each of these capacitors when the switching device Q1, Q2 conducts in the subsequent half-cycle. This then raises the applied ac voltage by that amount, ie, from ac voltage V to ac voltage V+Δ. This feature allows capacitors C1 and C2 to charge to a higher level of Δ during times of high mechanical load (corresponding to a large amount of rotor slip). If rotor slip is high, ie at start, the low impedance load 13 appears predominantly resistive, ie there is very little reverse EMF. This allows capacitor C2 to charge quickly during the positive half cycle and allows the other capacitor C1 to charge quickly during the subsequent negative half cycle. Then, when the command signal a is high and the upper switching device Q1 is ON, the current follows the upper path through C1 and Q1, leaving capacitor C2 charged for the next half cycle. In the subsequent half-cycle, the motor current travels down the path through capacitor C2 and switching device Q2. This raises the voltage applied by the negative half cycle, as shown in FIG. 4A. Then, in the subsequent positive half cycle, capacitor C1 will have been precharged, and the applied AC voltage will go to the high applied voltage V + +. The range of a and b signals can be varied to achieve a target AC applied voltage depending on conditions, eg line voltage quality. The voltage/power rise in this configuration is dependent on the contribution of inductive or reactive load. Power capacitors C1 and C2 charge through load 13. If the rotor is slow, slip is high, impedance is low, and back electromotive force is low, capacitors charge faster, and this produces a larger tension rise. If the rotor is fast, the slip is low, the impedance is high, and the back electromotive force is high. So capacitors C1 and C2 only charge to a lower value of Δ, that is, they charge more slowly and provide less lift.
    A power reduction mode can be achieved with that same voltage and power regulation circuit 10 as explained with respect to FIG. 1D with respect to the command signal waveform of FIG. 2C and the applied voltage waveform as shown in FIG. 4B. As shown in FIG. 2C, the command signals a and b appear after a phase angle between 90° and 180° subsequent to the associated zero crossing (ie, between π/2 and π and between 3π/2 and 2π, respectively). The command signals a and b switch on the switching devices Q1 and Q2 for a final part of the last part of the respective half-cycle. During the time that the command signals are off, the respective capacitors C1 and C2 partially charge to a voltage well below the peak voltage. Then, when the associated switching device Q1 or Q2 is turned on to conduct, the voltage rises from the pre-charge voltage to the line voltage, that is, as shown in the graph of FIG. 4B. It should be appreciated that this effects a reduced RMS applied voltage and thus a lower energy level. The reduction mode can be used, for example, in motor starting to perform a soft start, to limit mechanical shocks and to limit power surge. Also, compared to a pure switching mode power reduction (in which a thyristor or similar switching device merely cuts power at some phase angle after passing through zero), the leading edge of the power wave creates a dV /dt much smaller in the inductive load, as the applied voltage rises from a preload voltage, rather than rising from a zero level. The control circuit which is adapted to call for a reduction mode and to generate the command signals a and b for the reduction mode, and which can vary its phase and width for a start-up period, may be in the form of a microprocessor circuit , and its model would be within the capacity of people versed in the technique.
    A first modification of the voltage and power regulation circuit is shown in FIG. 5A, in which elements that are similar to the first embodiment are identified with the same reference characters. In this mode, power capacitors C1, C2 and switching electronics Q1, Q2 are provided, as before, as are diodes D1 and D2 which are connected in parallel with the power electrodes of switching elements Q1 and Q2, respectively. This mode adds two more diodes D3 and D4 arranged with the anode of diode D3 and the cathode of diode D4 connected together to neutral terminal 12, the cathode of diode D3 coupled to the upper terminal of capacitor C1 and the anode of diode D4 coupled to the terminal bottom of capacitor C2. This arrangement effects a superelevation mode. In the positive half cycle of each input power wave, capacitor D2 charges through diode D4 as well as through diode D2 and the load; in the negative half cycle, capacitor C1 charges through diode D3 as well as charges through diode D1 and the load. In each case, the paths through diode D3 and through diode D4 dominate, as they are the low impedance paths. These allow capacitors C1 and C2 to be charged to peak in opposite half cycles.
    A related modified modality is shown in FIG. 5B, where elements that are the same as those of the first embodiment are identified with the same reference characters, and a general description of these may be omitted here. Instead of two more diodes D3 and D4 of the mode already described, this arrangement employs thyristors, that is, SCRs Q3 and Q4 which are respectively connected between the upper plate of capacitor C1 and neutral terminal 12, and between terminal 12 and C2 capacitor bottom plate. In this case, capacitors C1, C2 can be charged less than the peak voltage in reverse half cycles. By triggering thyristor Q3 from 3π/2 to 2π, and triggering thyristor Q4 from π/2 to π, the amount of precharge can be controlled, the amount of voltage rise can be regulated.
    A further embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 5C, where elements that are the same or similar to those of the previous embodiment(s) are identified with the same reference numbers. In this case, FETs or similar types of transistors Q3’ and Q4’ are used in place of the thyristors (SCRs) Q3, Q4. If controlled charging of capacitors C1 and C2 is desired, multiple charging pulses can be accomplished by applying a pulsed command signal c or d to the gates of transistors Q3’ and Q4’. In each case, the respective transistors have a series diode D5, D6, where the optional protective diodes D3 and D4 are connected via the power electrodes of the respective transistor. This arrangement will operate with capacitive, resistive or inductive loads. The applied charge voltage can be regulated, that is, increased or decreased, by controlling the amount of precharge of capacitors C1 and C2.
    The command signals a, b, c and d applied to the gates of transistors Q1, Q2, Q3' and Q4' can appear as shown in the graph of FIG. 6, where the voltage wave of the VLine line is also shown for reference purposes. Command signals a and b appear as single-pulse (or multiple-pulse) signals in alternate half-cycles, as described with respect to the previous embodiments. Command signals c and d appear as single pulse or as multiple pulses or clipped during alternate half cycles. The relative duty cycle can be adjusted to achieve the desired pre-charge of capacitors C1 and C2.
    FIG. 7 shows an embodiment of the power regulation circuit of this invention, constructed generally as in FIG. 5, but here arranged to control the application of an auxiliary power source across an AC load 13, and which is also capable of switching excess amounts of the auxiliary power to the line current source. In this modality, there are two sources of DC power, i.e. photoelectric solar panels 23 and 24 with the positive terminal of panel 23 applied to a high terminal 21, a negative terminal of the other panel 24 applied to a low terminal 22, and the terminal positive of panel 24 connected to negative terminal of panel 23 at an intermediate voltage, and this is coupled to hot or black terminal 17 that feeds the central junction of the two capacitors C1 and C2. More switching electronics Q7 and Q8 are interposed between terminals 21, 22 and the outer plates of the respective capacitors C1 and C2. Here, switching elements Q7 and Q8 are connected at or near zero crossings of the main input AC power wave during opposite half cycles, and the voltage of the solar panels 23, 24 is used to precharge the capacitors C1 and C2. The power from the solar panel, together with the AC line power, is then activated by the gate to load 13 through switching devices Q1, Q2, Q3’, Q4’. In an alternative arrangement, one or both switching elements Q7 and Q8 could be interposed between the respective solar panels 23, 24 and terminal 17. Also, this circuit could easily be modified by those skilled in the art to impose locally generated energy ( by solar panels) in single-phase or three-phase energy. This arrangement can be employed with other power source devices, and can also extract energy from the neutral environment (wind, water, solar, etc.), including wind turbines, water turbines, geothermal power generators from which the solar panel would be An example.
    FIG. 8A is an oscilloscope trace of the load voltage applied when the drive waveform is developed in accordance with this invention and is applied to the field winding of an AC induction motor, in a lift mode as discussed in conjunction with FIGs. 1B and 1C. This trace is typical of each post-startup cycle, where capacitors C1 and C2 were precharged in the opposite half cycle. FIG. 8A shows both the AC LINE power waveform and the LOAD applied load or waveform. For reference, a trace of the command signal a is also shown, which has a phase angle ON period (0 to π/2 or 0 to 90°) during each positive half cycle, followed by an OFF period θ for the remainder of the half cycle. The command signal a remains OFF during the opposite negative half cycle. The other command signal b (not shown here) has a similar shape, but delayed by 180° (or π). The resulting LOAD applied AC power waveform, as shown here, has a generally sine waveform. In the example of FIG. 8A, the line voltage has an RMS value of 155 volts, and the LOAD applied voltage has an RMS value of 180 volts. This represents a voltage rise of 25 volts AC. A possible implementation of this could be a lightly loaded AC motor.
    FIG. 8B shows a similar graph of a voltage on the LINE line and a voltage on the LOAD load with the command signals a (shown) and b (not shown) set for increased output voltage. Here, the line voltage waveform has an RMS value of 154 volts AC, and the output or applied LOAD waveform has a high RMS value of 191 volts AC, ie a rise of 37 volts AC, per example, for a heavily loaded AC motor.
    In each case, i.e., FIG. 8A and FIG. 8B, at least some energy reflected by the reactive charge is captured by capacitors C1 and C2, creating a support level by precharging capacitors C1 and C2, and this is controlled by command signals a and b. This captured energy is then applied in the subsequent half cycle. Command signals are generated in response to motor feedback (or other reactive load) to optimize motor performance under existing line and load conditions. The waveform, ie the duty cycle and phase of the a and b command signals can be varied to achieve the desired rise in voltage within a very wide useful range. Also, note that the applied LOAD waveform brings the input LINE waveform in phase by a few degrees.
    With this invention, by sizing capacitors C1, C2 for the load and controlling the phase and duty cycle of command signals a and b, between no-load and full-load conditions, an almost perfect sine wave can be delivered. load. When the command signal is held constant, and the load varies, this results in a higher lift for the heaviest load. The simple architecture of this system, that is, with only two reactive elements C1 and C2 in series with the load, and a simple control system for switching, the circuit of this invention can dynamically control the voltage and power of the motor in response. to variable load conditions and to variable line conditions. For motor control over a larger power range, for example up to five kilowatts, the reactive elements should be sized according to the highest expected load, and then for smaller loads, the number, phase and duty cycles of the command pulses would be selected to produce the sinusoidal load power wave. Of course, in some applications a non-sinusoidal power wave may be more appropriate, for example, for a non-linear load where half-cycle torque requirements are variable (such as a reciprocating compressor). In such a case, a more elaborate control scheme may be required in order to adapt the applied power waveform to the load requirements and at the same time improve local and grid efficiency.
    Also, because of the inductive nature of the load device, when the load is a motor armature, the voltage level of the applied voltage LOAD will self-adjust if the imposed mechanical load changes. That is, if the mechanical load increases through the rotor of the AC induction motor, the electrical load starts to appear more resistive and less reactive, that is, the phase angle of the load increases and the counter-electromotive force falls. This causes more current to flow through the load and capacitors during the θ OFF phase, and as a result, capacitors C1 and C2 will precharge more during the θ OFF phase, increasing the applied voltage LOAD accordingly. When the motor reaches normal speed again, the applied voltage LOAD will be reduced by a similar amount.
    An example of a control circuit for embodiments of this invention is generally shown in FIG. 9. A zero crossing detector 28 senses the range of zero voltage (or zero current) and polarity, and the peak voltage detector senses the peak or maximum voltage of the AC line. Each of these provides an output signal to a microprocessor circuit 30, which is suitably programmed to provide the a and b command signals, and for some embodiments, the c and d command signals as well. A user interface control is represented here as a variable resistor 31, but it could instead be a digital input, which could be provided, for example, from a computer device, digital device or portable user interface.
    The motor drive circuit of this invention can be adapted to drive devices with significant inductive loads, such as air conditioning compressors.
    FIG. 10 represents a simplified expression of the embodiment concept of FIG. 7, for example, in which a voltage conditioning and control circuit arrangement 40 is interposed between an AC line power source 11, 12 and an AC load 13 (eg an induction motor), and in which a supplemental DC battery power source 23 (24) such as solar panels, may be connected to the DC input or output terminals of the array. Such arrangement 40 may include capacitive and switched elements as shown and described, for example, in FIG. 7.
    Applicants have also concluded that excessive voltage drop compensation can be achieved with a simple arrangement as shown schematically in FIG. 11. Here, a moderate value AC capacitor 42 can be placed in series on one of the power conductors 11, ie interposed between the AC line voltage source and the AC load 13 (ie an induction motor) . In this case, the capacitor is placed in series with the entire load, that is, both the operating winding R and the starting winding S and the starting capacitor C, in order to affect the power wave applied to each. If the line voltage should drop from 220 volts nominal to an excessive voltage drop level of 170 volts RMS, and if a moderate value AC capacitor, eg 40 μf, is used as capacitor 42, then after the first few In a few cycles, the effective power applied to motor 13 will be between approximately 205 and 240 volts. This will allow the engine to start and operate normally. In this arrangement, some energy that would normally be reflected back from the motor windings, ie (usually expressed as the imaginary component of the applied complex energy) is actually stored in the AC capacitor 42, and then added to the real energy component. in the subsequent wave. A normally closed tap or tap 44 diverts power around capacitor 42 as long as the main AC power is at or above a threshold level, that is, a normal minimum voltage level such as 195 volts. A low voltage detector 46 is connected to line power conductors 11, 12 to open switch 44 when the line voltage drops below the threshold level. This arrangement is useful for equipment such as refrigerators and window air conditioners, which may otherwise become unable to start if line power quality drops due to heavy use, or due to the inability of the provider. power supply to deliver power at the proper voltage.
    An alternative embodiment of the arrangement of FIG. 12 can be configured generally as shown in FIG. 12. In this case, an electronic switch, for example a triac 48, is placed in series on line power 11 with capacitor 42 and load 13. A control circuit 50, with inputs connected with the input line voltage and the applied load voltage generates a gate activation signal which is applied to electronic switch 49 based on the phase and level of the AC voltage. When the line voltage is below a minimum acceptable level, eg 195 volts, the switch is fully activated by the gate so that the full power waveform is high, as discussed in conjunction with the previous modality. On the other hand, for line voltage above this threshold, or within the normal range, control circuit 50 will turn off electronic switch 48 for some part of the cycle, producing an applied voltage power wave as illustrated in FIG. 12A, so that the applied RMS voltage is within a normal range centered at approximately 220 volts.
    FIG. 13 illustrates an application of this same arrangement in a polyphase, ie, three-phase, motor application. Here, the line power is in the form of three phase components A, B and C, and is applied to a motor winding 113, here in a delta configuration. Two of the three power conductors have a 42A or 42B capacitor and a 48A or 48B electronic line switch with their connection to the motor winding. In a delta configuration, there is no need for a similar capacitor on the third-phase or C-phase power conductor, although a switch or capacitor could optionally be installed on that conductor. In a Y configuration, a capacitor and an electronic switch would be present on three legs. A control circuit (not shown here) would be similar in function to the element in the embodiment of FIG. 12.
    In some possible variations of the circuits shown in FIGs. 11 to 13, the DC capacitors could be replaced by the AC capacitor 40. In this case, there would be one set of a DC capacitor and a diode conducting in one direction, and another set of a DC capacitor and a diode conducting in the opposite direction, that is, in antiparallel with the first set.
    Any of several equivalent circuits can be achieved by carrying out the basic principles of the invention, which can be explained with reference to FIGs. 14 and 15. FIG. 14 is a general schematic showing wires 11 and 12 connecting an AC source of AC line voltage to a complex reactive load 13, such as an induction motor, which has resistive, inductive, and capacitive components, and which will reflect at least some of incoming AC power that is applied to it. The basic enhancement concept cited here is to employ a 52 line intervening synthetic AC wave source between the line source and load 13, which will generate supplemental AC voltage that adds to the line waveform to optimize phase and load. voltage level. A control signal generator, e.g. microprocessor 30 of FIG. 9, is coupled to line conductors 11, 12 and load 13, and provides command signals to control the intervening AC source 52. In the embodiments described above, the intervening synthetic AC source is implemented as a reactive element 521' , as shown in FIG. 15, which is turned on and off in accordance with the command signals from the control signal generator 30. The description of these preferred embodiments does not preclude other possibilities in implementing the intervening synthetic AC source.
    While the invention has been described in detail with respect to certain preferred embodiments, it should be understood that the invention is not limited to those precise embodiments. Preferably, many modifications and variations would present themselves to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
    权利要求:
    Claims (7)
    [0001]
    1. Two-port line voltage regulation circuit configured to respond to changes in the quality of an incoming AC line power to apply an adjusted AC voltage level to an AC reactive load device, where the AC load device reactive has first and second AC terminals (14, 15); the voltage regulation circuit has a connection to a single-phase AC line power source and includes a first AC power lead (11) and a second AC power lead (12); a two-input line voltage regulator (10) having first and second AC terminals (16, 17); a control signal generator (30) which includes sensor inputs (29, 30) coupled to said AC power conductors (11, 12) and includes a line voltage detector (29) for detecting the AC voltage level of the said AC input line power; and a zero crossing detector (28) for detecting the zero crossings of said AC input line power, and first and second outputs providing first and second control signals (a, b) to said line voltage regulator; and CHARACTERIZED by the fact that said first AC power terminal (11) is connected to the first AC power conductor (17); the second AC power terminal (12) is connected to the first AC power terminal (14) of said charging device (13), and the second AC terminal of the charging device is connected to the second AC power conductor (16 ); and further wherein the two-input line voltage regulator (30) is configured so that when the input AC line power is at least partly reflected by said AC reactive load device (13), the first and second command signals (a, b) are selected based on the phase and AC voltage level of the incoming AC line power and moments of said zero crossings to generate a synthetic power wave to supply and correct the power applied to said reactive AC load device in level and phase.
    [0002]
    2. Two-port line voltage regulation circuit, according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that said two-input line voltage regulator includes: first and second power capacitors (C1, C2), having a first electrode and a second electrode, with each of the first electrode of the first power capacitor and the second electrode of the second power capacitor each being connected to the first AC power terminal (17) of the voltage regulator; first and second electronic switching devices (Q1, Q2), each having a first power electrode, a second power electrode, and a gate, with each of the first power electrode of the first switching device and the second electrode the power supply of the second switching device each being connected to the second AC power terminal (16) of the voltage regulator; with the second electrode of the first power capacitor (C1) being connected to the second power electrode of the first switching device (Q1) and with the first electrode of the second power capacitor (C2) being connected to the first power electrode of the second device switching (Q2); and means for coupling the first and second outputs of the control signal generator (30) to the ports of the first and second electronic switching devices, respectively.
    [0003]
    3. Two-port line voltage regulation circuit, according to claim 2, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that it includes first and second diodes (D1, D2) connected in parallel with said first and second electronic switching devices (Q1 , Q2).
    [0004]
    4. Two-port line voltage regulation circuit, according to claim 3, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that each of said first and second diodes (D1, D2) has an anode connected to the first power electrode of the device switching device (Q1, Q2) and a cathode connected to the second power electrode of the associated switching device (Q1,Q2).
    [0005]
    5. Two-port line voltage regulation circuit according to claim 3, FURTHER CHARACTERIZED by the fact that a third diode (D3) is connected between said second AC power conductor and the second electrode of said first capacitor of power, and a fourth diode (D4) is connected between said second AC power conductor and the first electrode of said second power capacitor.
    [0006]
    6. Two-port line voltage regulation circuit according to claim 1, FURTHER CHARACTERIZED in that said control signal generator (30) is operative to provide said first and second control signals (a , b) in a normal mode, in which the first and second control signals are alternately ON for phase angles from 0 to π and from π to 2π; and in a voltage rise mode where said first and second control signals have an OFF phase imposed by a phase width between π/2 and π and a phase delay between π and 3π/2, respectively.
    [0007]
    7. Two-port line voltage regulation circuit according to claim 6, CHARACTERIZED in that said control signal generator is operative to provide said first and second control signals (a, b) at a voltage reduction mode, in which said first and second control signals are ON starting with a phase delay between approximately π/2 and π and between approximately 3π/2 and 2π respectively.
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    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    JP6080366B2|2017-02-15|
    US8093858B1|2012-01-10|
    BR102012004428A2|2013-07-23|
    EP2495857A3|2017-07-05|
    JP2012182982A|2012-09-20|
    EP2495857B1|2020-01-15|
    EP3703233A1|2020-09-02|
    EP3657665A1|2020-05-27|
    EP3573225A1|2019-11-27|
    EP2495857A2|2012-09-05|
    ES2773021T3|2020-07-09|
    BR122020011567B1|2021-01-26|
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    法律状态:
    2013-07-23| B03A| Publication of a patent application or of a certificate of addition of invention [chapter 3.1 patent gazette]|
    2018-12-18| B06F| Objections, documents and/or translations needed after an examination request according [chapter 6.6 patent gazette]|
    2019-09-17| B06U| Preliminary requirement: requests with searches performed by other patent offices: procedure suspended [chapter 6.21 patent gazette]|
    2020-03-31| B06A| Patent application procedure suspended [chapter 6.1 patent gazette]|
    2021-02-02| B09A| Decision: intention to grant [chapter 9.1 patent gazette]|
    2021-04-20| B16A| Patent or certificate of addition of invention granted [chapter 16.1 patent gazette]|Free format text: PRAZO DE VALIDADE: 20 (VINTE) ANOS CONTADOS A PARTIR DE 28/02/2012, OBSERVADAS AS CONDICOES LEGAIS. |
    2021-08-24| B25G| Requested change of headquarter approved|Owner name: INTERNATIONAL CONTROLS AND MEASUREMENTS CORPORATION (US) |
    2021-11-30| B16C| Correction of notification of the grant [chapter 16.3 patent gazette]|Free format text: REFERENTE A RPI 2624 DE 20/04/2021, QUANTO AO ITEM (30) PRIORIDADE UNIONISTA. |
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    US13/087.807|2011-03-01|
    US13/037,807|US8093858B1|2011-03-01|2011-03-01|AC line voltage conditioner and controller|BR122020011567-0A| BR122020011567B1|2011-03-01|2012-02-28|two-port AC line voltage and power regulation circuits|
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